Nauger mining method pdf

Geotechnical issues on application of highwall mining. These plans should be updated regularly every three to five years as mining progresses. Excavated rock is taken to the surface with gold ore taken to strathalbyn and rock without gold mullock is stored on the surface before being progressively returned to the mine to fill the excavated voids. The mining method selected for exploitation is determined mainly by. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

Hybrid and new methods will be required for delivering economic results and efficiency when approaching these new mineral deposits adapted from ramani, 2012. Next, stopes tunnels that have direct access to mining the ore are mined to gain access to the ore. Depending on the mining method, a working section can have one or more working faces. The other underground mining method commonly used in the united states is the longwall mining method. Considering indonesian coal seam conditions, only the auger mining system has been tried at a few. Agenda geological concepts mining methods mineral processing methods mine waste management mining and money a future of mining. Team lead minex, india slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. This paper discusses the surface auger mining as deployed at. Classification of underground mining methods mineral production in which all extracting operations are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. Underground mines are more expensive and are often used to reach deeper deposits. The word geophysics in oil exploration is often used synonymously with seismic, overlooking many other fruitful techniques.

A wide range of problems facing mining engineers is discussed, namely. To assess this information and to extrapolate to the next twenty years, this approach has been reinforced using published. A group of mining specialists such as peele3, boshkov and wright4, morrison5, hartman6 and agoshkov7 suggested a series of approaches for selecting a suitable mining method. Surface opencast mining and deep underground mining are the two basic methods of mining used in south africa. Underground coal mining methods and engineering dust controls. Auger drilling auger drilling uses either a handheld power auger or one mounted on a small vehicle. Production mining is further broken down into two methods, long hole and short hole. The geological condition determines the method of mining. Coal is mainly mined using two methods surface or opencast and underground mining. Mining method the birdinhand gold mine will be developed utilising conventional drill and blast mining methods to make a tunnel to the ore. Placer mining is used to sift out valuable metals from sediments in river channels, beach sands, or other environments. Underground roomandpillar mining methods for many metal nonmetal deposits differ from those of coal and other softer mineral deposits. Surface mines are typically used for more shallow and less valuable deposits.

Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st. It is an energy giving nonrenewable source of energy. Mining method selection by integrated ahp and promethee method. It provides 800 feet to 1,200feet of additional recovery when the economic stripping ratio is reached in contour mining or in slot mining when surface access to a reserve is limited. Tech mining engineering degree synopsis a number of high wall mining methods were developed over the years to mine coal reserves exposed on the high walls created during surface mining. Pdf impact of coal mining on environment researchgate.

A new mining method 04 introduction the mining methods used in open cut coal strip mining in most major coal producing countries have been well established and fairly consistent over the past few decades. Each phase of mining is associated with different sets of environmental impacts. The primary objective of underground mining is to extract ore safely and economically while minimizing handling of waste rock. The term sampling here is taken to include all types of sampling in the minerals industry, from face or chip sampling of solid ore in mining operations, through crossbelt, crossstream, or crossram sampling of. Mining of coal is one of the oldest industrial operation. It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. Auger mining, method for recovering coal by boring into a coal seam at the base of strata exposed by excavation. The panels are the working sections of the production operation. Dec 05, 2008 plotmaker mining methods blackout day presentation 5 th december 2008 venkat m. Open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. Mining industry response to the book continues to be incredible. Bauer maschinen gmbh designed and manufactured a system to mine the.

Plotmaker mining methods blackout day presentation 5 th december 2008 venkat m. High wall mining is a method of recovering coal from seam exposed either by mechanical excavation methods or natural erosions. The mines are now operating at significantly higher annual tonnages, growing deeper, more complex and. These plans define the sequence and nature of extraction operations and detail the methods to be used in closure and restoration. Surface auger mining at rietspruit mine services pty ltd by m. Modifying the mining method and introducing new, more powerful machines are actions that should raise the efficiency of work procedures. The birdinhand gold mine will be developed utilising conventional drill and blast mining methods to progress a tunnel to the ore.

The first 8 to 15 cm of surface soils for an area approximately 15 cm in radius around the sampling. In mineral exploration and engineering projects, applicability of seismic imaging is often limited and other geophysical methods take the front. The first auger system excavated a single hole of 1. Thanks in large part to the efforts by john chadwick of the mining journal, and many other members of the mining community, the hard rock miners handbook has been distributed to over 1 countries worldwide. However, the mining method selection cannot be solely based on these criteria.

Threads on the container and lid should be cleaned to ensure a tight seal when. Of this number, 164 deal with operations at individual mines and plants94 with mining only, 59 with milling only, and 11 with mining and milling. Based on geotechnical analysis, the auger mining method is most suitable to operate in indonesia and can provide additional coal recovery at pits which are not economic before backfilling and mine. The room and pillar method is often used to mine smaller coal blocks or thin seams, and seam recovery ranges from 35% to 70%, with higher seam recovery rates applicable where retreat mining is combined with room and pillar mining. A method to eliminate explosion hazards in auger highwall mining by jon c. During the history of the mine, rapid variations in seam heights. Eleven circulars are summaries, each covering a particular mining method, and 53 are discussions of separate operations involved in mine operation or deal with special phases of mining. Let us take you on a journey through early mining methods. Trenchless tunneling methods have literally changed the shape of laying and maintaining underground piping and utilities over the last 50 years. Surface mining can be classified into two groups on the basis of the method of extraction. Analysis of highwall mining stability the effect of. Approximately 51% of south african coal mining is done underground and. A method to eliminate explosion hazards in auger highwall. Before coal mining, wood was the main source of fuel.

Over 30 billion tonnes of ore and waste materials that are mined each year and surface mining accounts for nearly 25 billion tonnes. There are four key stages of work involved in mining for minerals. The different systems of mining wide lodes in various parts of the world were examined, and the open chamber system, was adopted. The work includes geological, geochemical and geophysical surveys e. From an innovative fringe idea, it has become a specialized sector of the construction environment. Typically, underground mine has less environmental impact. Throughout this paper, we consider a \loader to be any type of high productivity excavating equipment, which may include a mining loader, shovel or excavator. Shotcrete equipment shotcrete equipment aliva257 wetdry shotcrete unit the al257 is the universal machine for the application of dry and wet shotcrete in the thinstream method. It was then decided to start mining operations on this, and a cheaper method than that already in use was sought for. The area to be sampled shall be cleared of any surface debris for example twigs, rocks or leaf litter. Most bauxite, iron, and copper ore is mined by open pit techniques, lead and zinc ore are principally extracted by underground mining methods, and precious metals, particularly gold and most notably in the usa and australia, tend to be recovered in recent years from lowgrade deposits by surface mining. This group of studies was neither enough nor complete, as it is not possible to design a methodology that will automatically choose a mining method for the orebody studied. All tunnels are excavated by drilling and blasting. Provide a guide to open source tools that can be used as a reference to do text mining method.

We apply the text processing language perl and the statistical language r to two text databases, an accident description database and a survey database. The two industries ranked together as the primary or basic industries of early civilization. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are. Both methods are well suited to extracting the relatively flat coalbeds or coal seams typical of. Prospecting the purpose of this stage is to identify areas that are likely to contain mineral deposits. Introduction noise that may be unacceptable under certain deep foundations are extensively used in. Traditional surface mining methods excellence in mining. Study on design of operating mechanism of auger mining. Auger drilling is very similar to a post hole digger used by farmers when fencing and could also be compared to a jackhammer. Early miners employed crude methods of ground control, ventilation, haulage, hoisting, lighting, and rock breakage. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to. The one proven and effective method with the lowest operational cost is the auger mining method. As the technology has progressed over the years, many types of new tunneling methods have been developed. Jul 29, 2017 surface mining includes mechanical excavation methods such as open pit and open cast strip mining,and aqueous methods such as placer and solution mining.

Increasing mechanization has resulted in an increasing production in the amount of the fine coal. Underground or deep mining surface or opencut mining the choice of method is largely determined by the geology of the coal deposit, in particular the depth of. Weighing in at 750 kg and as small as a small dry shotcrete machine, the al257 fits on every job site and is easy to install and operate. Normally one of the lowestcost techniques of mining, it is limited to horizontal or slightly pitched seams that have been exposed by geologic erosion. Using an effective dip mining method with basic highwall mining system is an alternative for steep coal seams as shown in fig. Excavated rock is taken to the surface with gold ore taken to strathalbyn and rock without gold mullock is stored on the surface before being progressively returned to. Recent estimates shown in table 1 6 suggest that auger and highwall mining may account for around 45 million tons of clean coal production representing about 4% of the u. The first step in selecting the most appropriate mining method is to compare the economic efficiency of extraction of the deposit by surface and underground mining methods. Air drilling there are two main shallow air drilling methods, aircore and rotary air blast rab. Surface mining is the predominant exploitation procedure worldwide. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Jul 23, 2016 therefore, operators should continuously reevaluate traditional surface mining methods, incorporating new technologies and practices. Us4589700a stripauger method of mining thin seams of. There are currently no mining methods available for mining seams in this dip range beyond their final economic highwall.

Okubo encyclopedia of life support systems eolss is essentially surfacebased. Numerous coalwinning methods have been used on the mine during its four years of existence. Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st edition. Mining methods, surface mining depend on wa ter or another liquid e. This is usually associated with strip mining opencast where the stripping ratio is high and uneconomical to mine using the opencast mining method. Open cut mining methods strip mining largescale open cut coal mining operations commenced in australia in mid 1960s and since then there has been significan t developments in this method of mining. These general mining practices have been described by kukla et al. Wire ropes of 19 to 22mm diameter and 6 to 8m length with safe. Selecting the best mining method among many alternatives is a multicriteria decision making problem. Augering is usually associated with contour stripmining.

Contour strip mining contour mining is commonly practiced where a coal seam outcrops in rolling or hilly terrain. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. Approximately, more than 90% of all nonmetallic minerals and metallic minerals and more than 60% of coal are mined by surface methods. The details of all publications are in the researchgate in full text pdf forms. Bureau of mines investigated a method of using inert gas to prevent the formation of explosive gas mixtures in auger highwall mining of coal. What follows are the typical phases of a proposed mining project. Safe working conditions, ore excavation efficiency and ore dilution are also important characteristics of a selected mining method, which. Jul 21, 2016 underground mining is the process of extracting minerals and ores that are located too far underground to be mined efficiently using surface mining methods. The most economical method of coal extraction from coal seams depends on the depth and quality of the seams, as well as the geology and environmental factors. On a mine bench open to the atmosphere, however, adding inert gas to the mining head could provide a quick, feasible method to prevent explosions at auger highwall mining operations. High wall mining technology highwall mining is a remotely controlled mining method, which extracts coal from the face of a coal seam under a highwall in a surface mine, which has reached the final highwall position due to uneconomic stripping ratios or due to local constraints which limit further surface mining. Auger mining is a mining method that recovers coal or other minerals from under the highwall when the ultimate stripping ratio has been achieved in open cast mining operations or auger mining refers to a method for recovering coal from thin seams, 0. A second and successive working pits are opened parallel to but.

Mining method, underground mining, roomandpillar mining, sublevel stoping, cutandfill, longwall mining, sublevel caving, block caving, backfill. The methods are generalized and focus on typical applications from different mining areas around the world, keeping in mind, however, that every mineral deposit, with its geology, grade, shape, and volume, is unique. Both methods are well suited to extracting the relatively flat coalbeds or coal seams typical of the united states. Definition of longwall mining a high extraction method of mining along the face of a predefined block of coal, referred to as a panel, while allowing the immediate roof to collapse upon advancement panel configuration panels generally range in size from 500 to 1,000 feet. Purchase underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st edition. A new model for mining method t selection of mineral deposit. This book describes mining methods for the surface and underground mineral deposits. It has a lot of commercial and industrial applications.

Hwm has become a widelyapplied method in surface mining, commonly used alone or in conjunction with contour or slot mining. Longwall mining and roomandpillar mining are the two basic methods of mining coal underground, with roomandpillar being the traditional method in the united states. Surface auger mining at rietspruit mine services pty ltd. The glory hole method is best suited to mining on a hillside, and irregular deposits. While the auger mining system was regarded as a new productive mining method, some problems encountered with the increased penetration depth of up to 120 m. Chapter 11 mining technology the federal coal leasing amendments act of 1976 charged ota to assess the feasibility of the use of deep mining technology on leased areas. In this mining method, a first working pit is stripped to expose the deposit, the hydrocarbonaceous material extracted and the exposed deposit seam face of at least one highwall is auger mined. The theme is mining in adverse conditions using stateoftheart technology. Also, the problem of how to move the inert gas to the cutting head of the machine has to be considered. A new underground auger mining system to over 2,000hp, hole depth increase to in excess of 200 m and production rates exceed 2,000 tonnes a shift. The current methods must be judged on the economic factors and their advantages and disadvantages. In addition to being a very productive and economic coal production method, analysis shows that auger and highwall mining.

With the passage of the surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977 congressional interest in the study of deep underground mining technology shifted. The cutting action of an auger differs from other coal cutting machines, such as continuous miners, in that it exploits the lower tensile strength of coal rather than. Magnetic and gravity methods in mineral exploration. This project was completed mainly through the use of questionnaire sent to subcontractors in almost each country of the eu. Coal is an organic sediment consisting of a complex mixture of substances. An underground mine consists of the portals entrance and exits to the mines, mains, submains, panels, and working faces. In total there are more than 10,000 mostly coal mines in china, producing a large amount of the worlds supply. While opencast operations are now fully mechanized employing large capacity earth moving equipment, introduction of machinery in underground workings has been gradual.

Basically, the method consists of removing the overburden above the coal seam and then, starting at the outcrop and proceeding along the hillside, creating a bench around the hill. Lukhele paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of b. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. Wood provided good levels of heat when in the form of charcoal, but to fuel the industrial revolution this wasnt enough. The method was successfully tried in 6m thick seam iii at chirimiri colliery of secl. The present invention relates to a combination of open cast strip mining and auger mining of thin seams of hydrocarbonaceous deposits. Mining methods the phenomenal rise in coal production, nearly sixfold in the past three decades, necessitated rapid but judicious mechanization of mining methods. The mining rate includes the mining of both waste and ore. Decline design in underground mines using constrained path optimisation. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the implementation of an integrated approach that employs ahp and promethee together for selecting the most suitable mining method for the coka marin underground mine in serbia.